PLANNING
Plan:
- NATURE AND HISTORY OF THE PLANNING
- What is planning?
Definition: "planning is to design a desired future and ways to achieve" RL Ackoff- Essential aspects
- the company is not passive in the face of the future, it develops new B & S and chooses the appropriate means of production.
- This forecast future demand there is a risk of error, but pushes the company to act.
- Characteristic
- the schedule is set in time
- short-term (up to one year media plan, marketing plan, marketing plan)
- Medium term (2 to 4 years operational but less precise implementation plan of a site development plan in an area ...)
- long-term (5 years or more; strategic plans involving the company permanently; diversification plan of activities)
- planning focuses on a goal more or less wide:
- project (changing the image of a product, quality ...)
- function (production plan, financing plan ...)
- planning is more or less formalized
- all employees or only a small group
- ad hoc meetings between officials or permanent mobilization of a planning committee
- give rise to more or less numerous publications.
- the schedule is set in time
- Essential aspects
- Planning, from its origins to today
- Origins to 1945, the reconstruction
plans in the short term with a loose global action plan. - the post-war years and 60; economic expansion
of long-term planning - the 70s - the triumph of strategic planning after the 1973 oil crisis.
strategic planning at the global level - The 80-business projects; crisis
gather all stakeholders of the company in a joint project. - The 90s - the time uncertainty
of technological evolution, treatment information, research qualification, unemployment, geopolitical upheavals, the emergence of new competitors and the globalization of the economy are factors to be taken into account to make predictions, it is prospective.
- Origins to 1945, the reconstruction
- What is planning?
- IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING
- The four objectives of the planning process
- Mastering the increasing complexity of production methods obliges the company to bring multiple skills, and to plan the development
- Dominate the unpredictability of the environment by setting a target with enough margin to be able to change if necessary.
- Act by measuring the current and future risks.
- keep its identity, corporate culture
- seek to involve all stakeholders in the company's development
- decisions are made according to the centralized structure (steering committee) or decentralized (all levels)
- Mobilize teams, participation in developing a real commitment conditions, while informing and motivating.
- The four stages of the implementation of the planning
- 1 ° step: diagnosis
- Internal analysis: strengths and weaknesses of the company. (People, technology, financial capacity)
- External analysis: threats and opportunities of the environment. (Evolution of markets for its products, measure, maintain and develop a competitive advantage)
- 2 ° step: the strategic plan
- define and quantify the overall objectives based on several assumptions, which will engage the future of the company for several years.
- 3 ° step: budgets and programs
to achieve the objectives and means of operational plans in the short and medium term, are the last step.
Several budgets are followed:- functional budget (function commercial, administrative ...)
- the capital budget (cash flow forecast, cash budget ...)
- budget responsibility centers (budget production site, budget assigned to a product manager, budget)
- 4 ° step: monitoring and corrective action
- gap analysis allows to implement corrective measures.
- a goal not reached or exceeded should lead to questions:
- the goal was realistic?
- the resources allocated were sufficient?
- teams were they sufficiently mobilized to achieve?
- hépothèses the evolution of the environment are confirmed?
- 1 ° step: diagnosis
- The four objectives of the planning process
- THE FUTURE OF THE PLANNING
- Benefits
- requires planning to propose practical solutions under time constraints and resources, with a rational and realistic.
- planning gives an overview of the company
- planning requires the company to examine its interactions with its environment.
- planning leads to clarify the main objectives by formulating clear.
- identifying justify the choice options and facilitate their correction when their realization
- planning contributes to team motivation
- And critical limits
- Planning should not remain at the planning stage, it must find a practical application
- unpredictable economic environment may question the merits of the projects.
- planning leads to more bureaucracy.
- Planning mobilizing men and material resources need to finance the cost of production.
- planning reduces the initiative of individuals.
- planning can affect the flexibility of the company at the moment that requires constant adaptation of savings.
- Business plans (business plans)
- Why business plans are so common?
- obligations forecasting activity in the short and medium term are necessary to the business.
- it is up to each manager to provide operational business volume estimates, material and human need and an estimate of the cost to its general direction.
- The business organization into profit centers leads each autonomous unit in the field, to propose a project budgeted.
- A budget approach
- Actors in contact with the market make up their plans to the general direction in 3 étaoes;
- an annual budget (quantity, selling prices, costs, margins, profitability)
- a projection of the budget on 2, 3 or 4 years.
- management is responsible for coordinating all proposed action plans, based on the overall strategy of the company, seeking synergy between the various activities.
- Actors in contact with the market make up their plans to the general direction in 3 étaoes;
- Why business plans are so common?
- Forecasting the future or how to think?
- Crisis prediction night planning
- statistical analysis is no longer sufficient to apprehend a changing environment
- companies have a partial view of their action, and is less concerned with the social, political or environmental.
- The examination of the past can no longer predict the future.
- exploration, a new look.
- foresight is to imagine different futures and to build scenarios considering a plurality of possible situations.
- he must abandon his mental habits, to examine the environment in creative ways.
- he must abandon his mental habits, to examine the environment in creative ways.
- new questions:
- what are the power relations between economic actors?
- What techniques do we use in the years to come?
- which consumers and what markets will he meet?
- What are the future business partners (new linkages, networking, networks)
- what are the right questions of the future?
- The technique of brainstorming (brainstorming) is preferred for the emergence of new solutions:
- develop scenarios based on assumptions most numerous or the most outlandish.
- Selection and quantification of the most likely scenarios.
- Specific decision on strategic options.
- Crisis prediction night planning
- Benefits
Aucun commentaire:
Enregistrer un commentaire